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Mark C. N. Sullivan is an editor at a Massachusetts university. He is married and the father of three children. Email
340: That's how many Jesuits were martyred in the course of the 20th century, from the Boxer Rebellion in June 1900 through the unrest in East Timor in September 1999.
Not 6: Six is how many Jesuits were slain by right-wing militia at the University of Central America in San Salvador in 1989. But a recent graduate of a Jesuit college or university might easily have formed the impression those six represented the sum total of Jesuit martyrs.
Because for all the annual Jesuit campus commemorations of the 1989 martyrdom of the six Salvadoran Jesuits, and all the attendant marches on the School of the Americas, correspondingly little mention is made of the other Jesuits who lost their lives over the past century.
Not to mention all the Jesuits in the previous four centuries who died for their faith, such as St. Edmund Campion and nine Jesuit companions among the 40 Martyrs of England and Wales, memorialized Oct. 25, or St. Isaac Jogues and the North American Martyrs, Oct 19.
A Google search on the word "martyrs" among the web pages of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities returns but one document.
This is not to diminish the deaths of the six Salvadoran Jesuit martyrs of 1989. But to emphasize only their loss, to advance the causes of liberation theology and a blinkered, anachronistic anti-Americanism, diminishes the deaths of hundreds of other Jesuits across the globe similarly martyred under conditions of war or persecution.
What these "peace-and-justice" activists, seemingly caught in amber during the Contra protests of the Reagan era, actually are doing is delivering an annual indictment of the United States as the source of evil in the world.
They use the six Salvadoran Jesuit martyrs of 1989 to advance a leftist political agenda that has more to do with Marxist-inspired liberation theology, vestigial Sandinista worship and contempt for the United States than it does with "social justice."
Want to plant crosses to commemorate Jesuits who gave their lives for the faith? How about laying aside a patch of grass for those killed in the Spanish Civil War? It had better be a large section of lawn, though. Here's a list:
Fr José María Alegre Jiménez (1865-1936) 10-11-1936: Madrid
Fr Bartolomeo Arbona Estades (1862-1936) 29-11-1936: Barcelona
Br Juan Bautista Arconada Pérez (1890-1934) 7-10-1934: Oviedo
Fr Ramón Artigues Sirvent (1902-1936) 20-7-1936: Lérida
Fr Francisco Audí Cid (1872-1936) 3-11-1936: Tortosa
Fr Jesús Ballesta Tejero (1903-1936) 8-8-1936: Madrid
Fr Narciso Basté Basté (1866-1936) 15-10-1936: Valencia
Fr Luis Boguñá Porta (1893-1936) 14-8-1936: Gerona
Fr Pablo Bori Puig (1864-1936) 29-9-1936: Valencia
Fr Constantino Carbonell Sempere (1866-1936) 23-8-1936: Gandía
Fr Andrés Carrió Bertrán (1876-1936) 26-8-1936: Alicante
Fr Manuel De La Cerda y De Las Bárcenas (1900-1936) 4-12-1936: Madrid
Fr Olegario Corral García (1871-1936) 28-12-1936: Santander
Fr Fé1ix Cots Oliveras (1895-1936) 21-7-1936: Barcelona
Br José Ignacio Elduayen Larrañaga (1884-1936) 7-8-1936: Madrid
Fr Juan Bautista Ferreres Boluda (1861-1936) 29-12-1936: Valencia
Br Pedro Gelabert Amer (1887-1936) 23-8-1936: Gandía
Fr Juan Gómez Hellín (1899-1936) 2-10-1936: Madrid
Fr Manuel González Hernández (1889-1936) 8-9-1936: Ciudad Real
Br Ramón Grimaltos Monllor (1861-1936) 23-8-1936: Gandia
Fr Darío Hernández Morató (1880-1936) 29-9-1936: Valencia
Br Domingo Ibarlucea Iregui (1906-1936) 8-9-1936: Ciudad Real
Br Felipe Iriondo Amundaráin (1869-1936) 21-7-1936: Barcelona
Br Lorenzo Isla Sanz (1865-1936) 25-7-1936: Tarragona
Fr Manuel Luque Fontanilla (1856-1936) 29-8-1936: Almería
Br José Llatje Blanc (1893-1936) 5-9-1936: Tortosa
Br Constantino March Batlles (1877-1937) 16-3-1937: Barcelona
Fr Emilio Martínez Martínez (1893-1934) 7-10-1934: Oviedo
Fr Braulio Martínez Simón (1852-1936) 25-7-1936: Tarragona
Fr Marcial Mayorga Paredes (1902-1936) 15-10-1936: Santander
Fr Miguel Mendoza Reig (1889-1936) 1-9-1936: Barcelona
Fr José Muñoz Albiol (1904-1936) 15-10-1936: Barcelona
Fr Jaime Noguera Baró (1901-1937) 14-2-1937: Barcelona
Fr Alfonso Payán Pérez (1877-1936) 30-8-1936: Almería
Fr Manuel Peypoch Sala (1870-1936) 29-7-1936: Manresa
Fr José Romá Carreres (1895-1936) 21-7-1936: Barcelona
Fr Juan Rovira Oriandis (1877-1936) 3-11-1936: Tortosa
Br Pascual Ruiz Ramírez (1901-1936) 7-8-1936: Madrid
Br Vicente Sales Genovés (1888-1936) 29-9-1936: Valencia
Br José Sampol Escalas (1899-1936) 27-8-1936: Barcelona
Fr José SAnchez Oliva (1891-1936) 9-9-1936: Ciudad Real
Br Antonio Sanchiz Martínez (1906-1936) 9-9-1936: Ciudad Real
Fr Martín Santaella Gutiérrez (1873-1936) 26-8-1936: Almería
Fr Alfredo Simón Colomina (1877-1936) 29-11-1936: Valencia
Fr Tomás Sioar Fortiá (1866-1936) 19-8-1936: Gandía
Br José Tarrats Comaposada (1876-1936) 28-9-1936: Valencia
Fr Francisco Javier Tena Colom (1863-1936) 26-8-1936: Barcelona
Fr Ricardo Tena Montero De Espinosa (1877- 1936) 8-9-1936: Azuaga
Fr Joaquín María Valentí De Marti (1884- 1936) 14-8-1936: Gerona
Fr Ignacio de Velasco Nieto (1890-1936) 24-9-1936: Madrid
Fr José Vergés De Trias (1898-1936) 14-8-1936: Gerona
Fr Demetrio Zurbitu Recalde (1886-1936) 20-10-1936: Barcelona
Br Catarino Abril Marín (1881-1936) 23-8-1936: Valencia
Fr Ismael Accensi Cid (1894-1936) 3-8-1936: Tortosa
Br Diego Aguilera (1912-1938) 29-3-1938: Córdoba
Br Juan Bautista Andrada Salvador (1898-1936) 25-10-1936: Valencia
Fr José del Arco (1889-1936) 27-12-1936: Santander
Br José Manuel Arín Dorronsoro (1887-1936) 26-11-1936: Madrid
Fr Angel Armiñana Silvestre (1902-1936) 3-10-1936: Alicante
Fr Leopoldo Barba Caballero (1870-1936) 18-9-1936: Málaga
Fr Juan ● Fr Beamonte García (1895-1936) 7-8-1936: Valencia
Fr Manuel Berdún (1879-1937) 15-3-1937: Barcelona
Fr Paulino Bertrán Sempere (1874-1936) 10-8-1936: Manresa
Br Tomás Boix Almiñana (1866-1936) 24-8-1936: Barcelona
Fr Baldomero Bonilla Fernández (1865-1936) 15-10-1936: Murcia
Fr Ignacio Casanovas Camprubí (1865-1936) 21-8-1936: Barcelona
Br Ramón Codina Alier (1869-1936) 25-7-1936: Barcelona
Br José Conti Sala (1865-1936) 9-8-1936: Valencia
Br Manuel Darder Palahi (1862-1936) 15-10-1936: Valencia
Br Agustín Díaz y Zapata (1869-1936) 27-7-1936: Toledo
Br José Fabregat Verdú (1893-1936) 8-9-1936: Valencia
Fr Agustín Fernández Hernández (1904-1936) 14-8-1936: Gijón
Fr Manuel Fernández Díaz-Masa (1904-1936) 30-11-1936: Madrid
Fr José F. Ferragut Sbert (1889-1936) 21-9-1936: Barcelona
Br Vicente Fonfría Geri (1891-1936) 29-10-1936: Valencia
Br Tomás Frasno Peñarrocha (1866-1936) 29-7-1936: Barcelona
Fr Narciso Fuentes Ruiz-Delgado (1875- 1936) 12-8-1936: Valencia
Br José Gabarrón Pérez (1868-1936) 13-10-1936: Málaga
Br José García Molina (1911-1936) 14-8-1936: Málaga
Fr Zacarías García Villada (1879-1936) 1-10-1936: Madrid
Fr Nemesio Gonzalez Alonso (1866-1936) 14-8-1936: Gijdn
Fr Luis Gordillo Díaz (1898-1936) 23-7-1936: Málaga
Fr Vicente Guimerá Roca (1869-1936) 30-9-1936: Valencia
Fr Joaquín Hernández López (1881-1936) 7-8-1936: Madrid
Br Antonio Jiménez Blázquez (1885-1936) 13-10-1936: Málaga
Fr José Juan Martínez (1867-1936) 26-9-1936: Valencia
Fr Martín Juste García (1863-1936) 27-7-1936: Toledo
Fr Florentino Laria Sampedro (1866-1936) 5-11-1936: Madrid
Fr Manuel de Larragan Alfaro (1884-1936) 15-10-1936: Madrid
Fr Manuel Mañes Bosch (1887-1936) 25-7-1936: Barcelona
Fr Juan Martínez García (1902-1936) 19-9-1936: Madrid
Fr Jesús Martínez Hernández (1903-1936) 7-11-1936: Madrid
Fr Valentino Mayordomo González (1878- 1937) 18-3-1937: Santander
Br José Mendizdbal Tolosa (1881-1937) 18-5-1937: Santander
Br Angel Mercader Vatero (1889-1936) 14-8-1936: Valencia
Fr Pedro Miró De Mesa (1901-1936) 20-11-1936: Barcelona
Fr Ramón Molina (1904-1938) 19-3-1938 Andorra
Br Carlos Moncho Montaner (1868-1936) 3-9-1936: Tortosa
Fr Jesús Montero Carrión (1887-1936) 10-8-1936: Madrid
Fr Inocencio Muñoz Aguilera (1895-1936) 14-8-1936: Málaga
Br Joaquín Noguera Martínez (1873-1936) 22-8-1936: Madrid
Mr José Oortiz Calvo (1911-1936) 8-11-1936: Madrid
Fr José Palacio Molina (1865-1936) 19-8-1936: Alcalahí
Br Félix Palacios (1877-1936) 27-7-1936: Toledo
Fr Miguel Pardo De Donlebún (1881-1936) 9-8-1936: Barcelona
Fr Luis Perera Canogia (1865-1936) 4-10-1936: Valencia
Fr José Pedromingo Cotayna (1904-1936) 6-12-1936: Guadalajara
Br José Rallo Pascual (1863-1936) 24-8-1936: Barcelona
Fr José Rodríguez De La Torre (1877-1936) 5-10-1936: Málaga
Mr Gregorio Ruiz Rodríguez (1911-1936) 5-9-1936: Santander
Fr José Ruiz Goyo (1897-1936) 5-9-1936: Santander
Fr José Ruiz Pimentel (1887-1936) 15-10-1936: Málaga
Mr Nicolás Serrano Fernández (1910-1936) 5-9-1936: Santander
Br José Serres Borrás (1890-1936) 17-9-1936: Barcelona
Br José Simón Cascales (1873-19:36) 14-8-1936: Valencia
Fr Pedro Trullás Claramunt (1867-1936) 25-7-1936: Barcelona
Br José María Valiente Trigueros (1894-1936) 8-11-1936: Madrid
Fr Ramón Vendrell Vives (1865-1936) 7-8-1936: Tarragona
Br Ignacio Vila March (1858-1936) 26-9-1936: Barcelona
Fr José María Vives Castellet (1882-1936) 3-10-1936: Tarragona
Br Francisco Vives Masses (1898-1936) 15-9-1936: Barcelona
Fr José Antonio Yáñez González (1870-1936) 14-8-1936: Gijón
Of course, the Spanish Jesuits – many on the side of Franco – killed in the 1930s by the anti-clerical Left don't fit conveniently into the "peace and justice" morality play. Neither do those who died at the hands of Communists in Europe and Asia. Here's a list of them:
Fr Daniel Dajani (1906-1946) 4-3-1946: Albania
Fr Giovanni Fausti (1899-1946) 4-3-1946: Albania
Br Gjon Pantaljia (1887-1947) 31-1--1947: Albania
Fr Ndoc (Antonio) Saraci (1875-1947) 3-5-1947: Albania
Fr Zef Saraci (1884-1954) 16-9-1954: Albania
Fr Antonín Zgarbíik (1913-1965) 22-1-1965: Bohemia
Mr Izidor Bistrovic (1949-1969) 4-12-1969: Croatia
Fr Franjo Bortas (1903-1947) 7-6-1947: Croatia
Fr Josip Müller (1893-1945) 28-11-1945: Croatia
Fr Peter Perica (1881-1944) 25-10-1944: Croatia
Fr Joze Bric (1907-1945) 21-11-1945: Slovenia
Bp Lambert Ehrlich (1878-1942) 26-5-1942: Slovenia
Fr Martin Meglik (1871-1945) 22-2-1945: Slovenia
Fr Benjamin Jakab (1903-1950) 5-7-1950: Hungary
Fr Ferenc Kajdi (1884- 1945?) ?-?-1945: Hungary
Fr Antal Laskay (1909-1945?) ?-?-1945?
Fr Józef Vid (1898-1952) 18-10-1952: Hungary
Fr Benediktas Andruska (1884-1951) ?-?-1941: Lithuania
Fr Joannes Peeperkorn (1898-1947?) ?-?-1947: Lithuania
Fr Jazeps Püdans (1903-1942) 15-6-1942: Lithuania
Fr Tadeusz Chabrowski (1909-1941) 9-1-1941: Poland
Fr Alfons Czyzewski (1897-1953) 16-11-1953: Poland
Br Kajetan Górski (1879-1942) ?-?-1942: Poland
Fr Antoni Grzybowski (1904-1943) 20-10-1943: Poland
Fr Jan Haniewski (1873-1942) ?-2-1942: Poland
Br Jakub Jagusz (1872-1942) ?-7-1942: Poland
Fr Kazimierz Konopka (1879-1941) 26-6-1941: Poland
Fr Mariusz Skibniewski (1881-1939) 28-9-1939: Poland
Fr Stanislaw Wnek (1859-1944) 27-4-1944: Poland
Fr Waclaw Zaborowski (1904-1958) 14-5-1958: Poland
Fr Cornel Chira (1904-1953) 20-8-1953: Romania
Mr Xavier Robert (1912-?) ?-?-?: China
Fr Beda Chang (Tsan-) Cheng-Min (1905-1951) 11-11-1951: China
Fr Joseph Hu Shih-Chao (1908-?) ?-?-?: China
Fr Andrés Li Shu-Pei (1913-?) ?-?-?: China
Fr Peter T'Ang Kai-Shan (1906-1957) ?-?-1957: China
Fr Louis Téteau (1874-1952) 4-5-1952: China
Fr Antony Wang Che(1912-1953) 17-9-1953: China
Br Laurentius Chin Lin-Shen (1915-?) ?-?-?: China
Fr Chrysostomus Chang Szu-Ch'Ien (1910-1961?) ?-?-1961?: China
Fr Petrus Chang Chin-Shan (1903-1967) ?-?-1967: China
Fr Stephanus Chou Ju-Yüe (1901-1966?) ?-?-1966?: China
Fr Aloysius Chu Kuang-Chung (1906-1968) ?-?-1968: China
Fr Paulus Cheng Wei-Hsien (1903-1970?) ?-?-1970? : China
Fr Francis-Xavier Chu Shu-Teh (1913-1983) 28-12-1983: China
Fr Josephus Hsü Ching-Fang (1914-?) ?-?-?: China
Br Laurentius Ts'Ao Chin-Teh (1893-?) China
Any accounting of Jesuit martyrs of the 20th century would note the scores who died in Dachau and Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps.
And a balanced and thorough list would note among the victims of dictatorial regimes not only the six who tragically gave their lives in El Salvador in 1989, but dozens slain across Central and South America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Here's a list:
Fr Luis Espinal Camps (1932-1980) 22-3-1980: Bolivia
Fr João Bosco Penido Burnier (1917-1976) 12-10-1976: Brazil
Br Vicente Cañas Costa (1939-1987) 6-4-1987: Brazil
Fr Sergio Restrepo Jaramillo (1939-1989) 1-6-1989: Colombia
Fr Rutilio Grande García (1928-1977) 12-3-1977: El Salvador
Fr Ignacio Ellacuría Beascoechea (1930-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Amando López Quintana (1936-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Joaquín López y López (1918-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Ignacio Martín Baró (1942-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Segundo Montes Mozo (1933-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Juan Ramón Moreno Pardo (1933-1989) 16-11-1989: El Salvador
Fr Carlos Pérez Alonso (1936-1981?) 2-8-1981?: Guatemala
Fr Bernard Darke (1925-1979) 14-7-1979: Guyana
Fr Godofredo Atingal (1922-1981) 13-4-1981: Philippines
Br Nicolas De Glos (1911-1976) 23-5-1976: Chad
Br Alfredo Pérez Lobato (1937-1973) 1-12-1973: Chad
Br John Joseph Conway (1920-1977) 6-2-1977: Zimbabwe
Fr Desmond Donovan (1927-1978?) 15?-1?-1978? : Zimbabwe
Br Bernhard Lisson (1909-1978) 27-6-1978: Zimbabwe
Fr Gerhard Pieper (1940-1978) 26-12-1978: Zimbabwe
Fr Gregor Richert (1930-1978) 27-6-1978: Zimbabwe
Fr Christopher Shepherd-Smith (1943-1977) 6-2-1977: Zimbabwe
Fr Martin Thomas (1932-1977) 6-2-1977: Zimbabwe
Fr Silvio Alvés Moreira (1941-1985) 30-10-1985: Mozambique
Fr João de Deus Gonçalves Kamtedza (1930-1985) 30-10-1985: Mozambique
Fr Raymond A. Adams (1935-1989) 12-11-1989: Ghana
Fr Jean de Boisséson (1910-1988) 29-5-1988: Madagascar
Fr Patrick Gahizi (1946-1994) 7-4-1994: Rwanda
Fr Chrysologue Mahame (1927-1994) 7-4-1994: Rwanda
Fr Innocent Rutagambwa (1948-1994) 7-4-1994: Rwanda
Bp Christophe Munzihirwa Mwene Ngabo (1926-1996) 29-10-1996: Zaire
Fr Alban De Jerphanion (1901-1976) 14-3-1976: Lebanon
Fr Louis Dumas (1901-1975) 25-10-1975: Lebanon
Fr Nicolas Kluiters (1940-1985) 14-3-1985: Lebanon
Fr André Masse (1940-1987) 24-9-1987: Lebanon
Mr Richard Michael Fernando (1970-1996) 17-10-1996: Cambodia
Fr Thomas Anchanikal (1951-1997) 27-10-1997: India
Fr Thomas E. Gafney (1932-1997) 14-12-1997: India
Fr Mathew Mannaparambil (1938-1980) 7-3-1980: India
Fr Francis Louis Martinsek (1912-1979) 24-3-1979: India
Fr Herman Rasschaert (1922-1964) 24-3-1964: India
Fr Eugene John Hebert (1923-1990) 15-8-1990: Sri Lanka
Fr Tarcisio Dewanto 1965-1999 9-9-99: Dili, East Timor
Fr Karl Albrecht 1929-1999 11-9-99: East Timor
We should remember all the Jesuits who have died, in the words of Company magazine, "for love of God and their fellow human beings." The sacrifice of so many should not be forgotten so ideologues of the Left can exploit the memories of a few.